اصلاح شیمی سطح کربن فعال مشتق‌شده از پوست گردو با نیتریک اسید و ارزیابی عملکرد آن در جذب رنگزای راکتیو قرمز درخشان HE-3B از محلول‌ آبی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه آموزشی علوم مهندسی، دانشگاه ملی مهارت، تهران، ایران، صندوق‌پستی: 1435763811

2 گروه آموزشی هنر، دانشگاه ملی مهارت، تهران، ایران، صندوق‌پستی: 1435763811

10.30509/jcst.2026.167835.1287

چکیده

در این پژوهش، کربن فعال حاصل از پوست گردو پس از فعال‌سازی شیمیایی با فسفریک اسید، به‌منظور اصلاح شیمی سطح با نیتریک اسید اکسید شده و قابلیت آن در حذف رنگزای راکتیو قرمز درخشان HE-3B از محلول‌های آبی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که اکسایش با نیتریک اسید، علی‌رغم کاهش سطح‎ویژه از 1189 به m² g⁻¹ 903 و کاهش حجم کل منافذ از63/0 به cm³ g⁻¹ 42/0 موجب بهبود عملکرد جذب‌سطحی شد. در pH برابر2، غلظت اولیه رنگزای 50 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر، زمان تماس 60 دقیقه و مقدار جاذب 1/0گرم، درصد حذف HE-3B برای کربن فعال اولیه و کربن اکسیدشده به‌ترتیب 61 و 65 درصد به دست آمد. همچنین، عوامل ترمودینامیکی، خودبه‌خودی و گرماده بودن فرایند جذب‌سطحی را نشان دادند. نتایج نشان داد که اصلاح شیمیایی سطح، با افزایش برهم‌کنش با مولکول‌های رنگزا، جذب HE-3B را بهبود می‌دهد و اهمیت ویژگی‌های ساختاری و شیمیایی سطح را در طراحی جاذب‌های زیست‌پایه تأیید می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Nitric Acid-Induced Surface Chemical Modification of Walnut Shell-Derived Activated Carbon for Enhanced Adsorption of Reactive Brilliant Red HE-3B Dye from Aqueous Solution

نویسندگان [English]

  • Soodabeh Khalili 1
  • Zoya Salahshoor 2
  • Kosar Toudarvari 2
1 Department of Engineering sciences, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), P.O. Box: 1435763811, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Arts, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), P.O. Box: 1435763811, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

In this study, activated carbon derived from walnut shells was chemically activated with phosphoric acid and subsequently oxidized with nitric acid to modify its surface chemistry. Its performance in removing reactive brilliant red HE-3B from aqueous solutions was investigated. The results showed that nitric acid oxidation, despite reducing the specific surface area from 1189 to 903 m² g⁻¹ and the total pore volume from 0.63 to 0.42 cm³ g⁻¹, improved adsorption performance. At pH 2, an initial dye concentration of 50 mg L⁻¹, a contact time of 60 min, and an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g, the removal efficiencies of HE-3B by the pristine and oxidized activated carbons were 61 and 65 %, respectively. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. Overall, the results demonstrated that surface chemical modification enhanced HE-3B adsorption by increasing interactions with dye molecules, highlighting the importance of both structural and surface chemical properties in designing bio-based adsorbents.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Activated carbon Walnut shell Nitric acid oxidation Adsorption Reactive Brilliant Red HE
  • 3B dye

مراجع

  1. Al-Tohamy R, Ali SS, Li F, Okasha KMG, Mahmoud YAG, Elsamahy T, et al. A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022;231:113160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv. 2021.113160.
  2. Olisah C, Adams JB, Rubidge G. The state of persistent organic pollutants in South African estuaries: A review of environmental exposure and sources. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;219:112316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv. 2021. 112316.
  3. Almroth BC, Cartine J, Jönander C, Karlsson M, Langlois J, Lindström M, et al. Assessing the effects of textile leachates in fish using multiple testing methods: From gene expression to behavior. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021; 207:111523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111523.
  4. Cansado IPDP, Mourão PAM, Castanheiro JEF, Geraldo PF, Suhas, Suero SR, et al. Review on treatment pathways and adsorptive approaches for dye-contaminated wastewater. Processes. 2026;14(6):898. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14060 898.
  5. Janani R, Pius A. Mechanistic elucidation and real water application of a band-engineered CoMgAl-LTH/CdS S-scheme heterojunction as an efficient advanced oxidation process-based catalyst for textile dye degradation and environmental safety evaluation. Environ Sci Water Res Technol. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ew01043h.
  6. Shi J, Huang S, Yu X, Zhai W, Xie G, Guo L, et al. A photo-driven iodate–iron synergistic advanced oxidation process for efficient Orange II degradation in water treatment. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2026;182:106604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106604.
  7. Periyasamy AP. A review of bioremediation of textile dye containing wastewater. Cleaner Water. 2025;4:100092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100092.
  8. Lucas MS, Teixeira AR, Jorge N, Peres JA. Industrial wastewater treatment by coagulation–flocculation and advanced oxidation processes: A review. Water. 2025; 17(13):1934. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17131934.
  9. Fothedar DK, Hou J, Balu R, Vongsvivut J, Arundhathi B, Sahu N, et al. Electrospun mixed matrix nanofiber membranes for sustainable dye removal from textile wastewater. Chem Eng J. 2026;532:174239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026. 174239.
  10. Kulkarni O, Dongare P, Shanmughan B, Nighojkar A, Pandey S, Kandasubramanian B. Machine learning-assisted prediction of engineered carbon systems’ capacity to treat textile dyeing wastewater via adsorption technology. Environ Monit Assess. 2025;197(2):223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-13664-9.
  11. Adeoye JB, Lau SY, Tan YH, Tan YY, Chiong T, Mubarak NM, et al. A comprehensive review on adsorption techno-logies for methylene blue elimination: Efficiency, mecha-nisms, and future perspectives. Discov Appl Sci. 2025;7 (11):1285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-07250-4.
  12. Allafi F, Ab Kadir MO, Lalung J. Removal of reactive dye from textile wastewater using durian seed activated carbon. Water Environ Res. 2025;97(8):e70076. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/wer.70076.
  13. Pan X, Zhou C, Wang H, Ruan F, Wang H, Feng Q. Biomass waste-derived activated carbon for effective Cr(VI) removal from textile wastewater. Inorg Chem Commun. 2025;115196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2025.115196.
  14. Takele T, Angassa K, Abewaa M, Kebede AM, Tessema I. Adsorption of methylene blue from textile industrial waste-water using activated carbon developed from H3PO4-acti-vated khat stem waste. Biomass Convers Biorefin. 2025; 15 (3):4085-4108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-05245-y.
  15. Saad S, Hassen A, Ben Slimane A. Removal of cationic and anionic dyes from textile waste effluent using a magnetic nanocomposite made of activated carbon and magnesium-doped bismuth ferrite. J Iran Chem Soc. 2026;23(3):90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-026-03380-7.
  16. Kitenge V, Shams Khameneh A, Heshmatian S, Matinise N, Botha N, Madiba I, et al. Walnut-shell-derived porous carbon for efficient room-temperature adsorption of organic dyes. Sci Rep. 2026;16(1):9756. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41 598-026-38102-9.
  17. Ozalp O, Oguz F, Soylak M. Activated carbon from green walnut shells as the adsorbent for the solid-phase extraction of indigo carmine from food and textiles. Instrum Sci Technol. 2025;53(2):167-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/10739 149.2024.2368190.
  18. Patra C, Gupta R, Bedadeep D, Narayanasamy S. Surface treated acid-activated carbon for adsorption of anionic azo dyes from single and binary adsorptive systems: A detail insight. Environ Pollut. 2020;266:115102. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.envpol.2020.115102.
  19. Patra C, Gupta R, Bedadeep D, Narayanasamy S. Surface treated acid-activated carbon for adsorption of anionic azo dyes from single and binary adsorptive systems: A detail insight. Environ Pollut. 2020;266:115102. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115102.
  20. Kim MI, Bai BC. Effect of nitric acid treatment on the pitch properties and preparation of activated carbon. Carbon Lett. 2022;32(1):99-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-021-002 56-z.
  21. Xue Y, Cheng W, Cao M, Gao J, Chen J, Gui Y, et al. Development of nitric acid-modified activated carbon electrode for removal of Co2+/Mn2+/Ni2+ by electrosorption. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022;29(51):77536-77552.
  22. Hosseini Y, Najafi M, Khalili S, Jahanshahi M, Peyravi M. Preparation of N-enriched GO adsorbents and their properties for selective CO2 capture. Korean J Chem Eng. 2025;42(2):291-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-024-00274-3.
  23. Khalili S, Khoshandam B, Jahanshahi M. Synthesis of activated carbon/polyaniline nanocomposites for enhanced CO2 adsorption. RSC Adv. 2016;6(42):35692-35704. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA00884D.
  24. Dutta S, Gupta B, Srivastava SK, Gupta AK. Recent advances on the removal of dyes from wastewater using various adsorbents: A critical review. Mater Adv. 2021; 2(14):4497-4531. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MA00354B.
  25. Yang X, Wan Y, Zheng Y, He F, Yu Z, Huang J, et al. Surface functional groups of carbon-based adsorbents and their roles in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions: A critical review. Chem Eng J. 2019; 366:608-621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.119.
  26. Yagub MT, Sen TK, Afroze S, Ang HM. Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2014;209:172-184. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.04.002.
  27. Rajabhoj R, Saravanan D, Jugade RM. Multi-component adsorption of reactive dyes using iron(III)-crosslinked alginate-chitosan composite: A statistical approach via RSM. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025; 327:147213. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147213.
  28. Suteu D, Malutan T, Bilba D. Removal of reactive dye Brilliant Red HE-3B from aqueous solutions by industrial lignin: Equilibrium and kinetics modeling. Desalination. 2010;255(1-3):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010. 01.010.
  29. Suteu D, Bilba D. Equilibrium and kinetic study of reactive dye Brilliant Red HE-3B adsorption by activated charcoal. Acta Chim Slov. 2005;52(1):73-79. 
  30. Bilba D, Suteu D, Malutan T. Removal of reactive dye Brilliant Red HE-3B from aqueous solutions by hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile fibres: Equilibrium and kinetics modelling. Cent Eur J Chem. 2008;6:258-266. https://doi.org/10.2478/ s11532-008-0019-2.
  31. Tanzifi M, Jahanshahi M, Peyravi M, Khalili S. Photocatalytic dynamic membrane containing graphitic carbon nitride/zirconium dioxide nanocomposite for MB and CR dye removal under household LED lamp. J Water Environ Nanotechnol. 2023;8(3):215-228. https://doi.org/10. 22090/jwent.2023.03.002.
  32. Loutfi M, Mariouch R, Mariouch I, Belfaquir M, ElYoubi MS. Adsorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions onto natural clay: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. Mater Today Proc. 2023;72:3638-3643. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.matpr.2022.08.412.
  33. Mahamad MN, Zaini MAA, Zakaria ZA. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from pineapple waste biomass for dye removal. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. 2015; 102:274-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.03.009.
  34. Hasan H, Imragaa A, Emrayed H, Abdel-Gany K. Removal of the medical dye safranin from aqueous solutions by sea grasses activated carbon: A kinetic study. AlQalam J Med Appl Sci. 2025:428-434. https://doi.org/10.54361/ajmas.25 8161.
  35. Khalili S, Hasani N, Salahshoor Z. Application of porous carbon in the removal of Disperse Red 167 dye: Kinetic and thermodynamic study of the adsorption process. J Color Sci Tech. 2025;19(1):81-99. https://doi.org/10.30509/jcst.2025. 167594.1264 [In Persian].
  36. Konicki W, Aleksandrzak M, Moszyński D, Mijowska E. Adsorption of anionic azo-dyes from aqueous solutions onto graphene oxide: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2017;496:188-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.02.031.
  37. Sriram G, Dhanabalan K, Vishwanath RS, Oh TH. Progress in porous carbon-based adsorbents for the removal of dyes from single and binary systems and their adsorption mechanism–a review. Inorg Chem Front. 2025. https://doi. org/10.1039/D5QI00952A.
  38. Wang L. Removal of disperse red dye by bamboo-based activated carbon: Optimisation, kinetics and equilibrium. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2013;20:4635-4646. https://doi.org/ 10. 1007/s11356-012-1421-z
  39. Vojnović B, Cetina M, Franjković P, Sutlović A. Influence of initial pH value on the adsorption of reactive black 5 dye on powdered activated carbon: Kinetics, mechanisms, and thermodynamics. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1349. https://doi. org/ 10.3390/molecules27041349.
  40. Meskel AG, Kwikima MM, Meshesha BT, Habtu NG, Naik SC, Vellanki BP. Malachite green and methylene blue dye removal using modified bagasse fly ash: Adsorption optimization studies. Environ Challenges. 2024;14:100829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100829.
  41. Gwadera M, Brzoskwinia P, Hnatyk S, Kazberuk G. Mass transfer resistance considerations for dye adsorption on activated carbon. Purification. 2025;1(1):4. https://doi. org/10.3390/purification1010004.
  42. Lansari I, Tizaoui K, Benguella B, Bensaid FZ, Chekroun A, Kruchinina N, et al. Kinetic study of removal of reactive violet and bemacid yellow from aqueous solution by adsorption onto activated carbon derived from human hair. React Kinet Mech Catal. 2025;138(4):2597-2611. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11144-025-02864-6.
  43. Gupta VK. Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review. J Environ Manage. 2009;90(8):2313-2342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.017.
  44. Pereira MFR, Soares SF, Órfão JJM, Figueiredo JL. Adsorption of dyes on activated carbons: Influence of surface chemical groups. Carbon. 2003;41(4):811-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00406-2.
  45. Pathania D, Sharma S, Singh P. Removal of methylene blue by adsorption onto activated carbon developed from Ficus carica bast. Arab J Chem. 2017;10:S1445-S1451. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.021.
  46. Alhogbi BG, Altayeb S, Bahaidarah EA, Zawrah MF. Removal of anionic and cationic dyes from wastewater using activated carbon from palm tree fiber waste. Processes. 2021;9(3):416. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9030416
  47. Naushad M, Alqadami AA, AlOthman ZA, Alsohaimi IH, Algamdi MS, Aldawsari AM. Adsorption kinetics, isotherm and reusability studies for the removal of cationic dye from aqueous medium using arginine modified activated carbon. J Mol Liq. 2019;293:111442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. molliq. 2019.111442.
  48. Din H, Kiran M, Haq F, Osman AI, Khan IA, Aziz T, et al. Synergizing date palm seeds-derived oxidized activated carbon: Sustainable innovation for enhanced water retention, efficient wastewater treatment, and synthetic dye removal. Chem Eng Res Des. 2024;204:212-227. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cherd.2024.02.040.
  49. Ouedrhiri A, Ennabely M, Lghazi Y, Chafi M, Alougayl S, Youbi B, et al. Adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes in aqueous solution by a sustainable and low-cost activated carbon based on argan solid waste treated with H3PO4. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2024;31(53):62010-62021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26550-z.
  50. Gohr MS, Abd-Elhamid AI, El-Shanshory AA, Soliman HM. Adsorption of cationic dyes onto chemically modified activated carbon: Kinetics and thermodynamic study. J Mol Liq. 2022;346:118227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq. 2021.118227. 

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار