Wool Dyeing With Chamomile Natural Dye Through Statistical Optimization Using the Response Surface Methodology and Binary Metal Mordants

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Art, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box: 5681188617, Shahrekord, Iran

2 Department of Color Physics, Institute for Color, Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran

10.30509/jcst.2026.167762.1280

Abstract

Textile dyeing with natural colorants, in response to environmental requirements and the increasing demand for sustainable products, requires scientifically based and optimized processes. This study aimed to develop an efficient and sustainable process for wool dyeing using a natural dye extracted from chamomile flowers and to investigate the role of metallic mordants. Response surface methodology based on a central composite design was applied to evaluate the effects of four key dyeing parameters—dye concentration, pH, temperature, and dyeing time—on color strength. The developed second-order model showed good statistical fitness (predicted correlation coefficient of 94.75) and confirmed the significant influence of both main factors and their interactions. The optimal conditions were identified as 75 wt% dye concentration, pH 3.5, temperature of 80 °C, and dyeing time of 116 min, yielding a color strength of 4.33. Furthermore, the use of single and combined metallic mordants demonstrated that binary mordant systems, particularly Cu-Fe, Cu-Sn, and Cu-Al, significantly enhanced color strength (above 10) and improved wash fastness (grade 5) and light fastness (levels 6–7).

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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