Evaluation of Color Constancy Characteristics in Selected Common National Banknotes under Different Illuminants

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Department of Color Imaging and Color Image Processing, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

10.30509/jcst.2025.167699.1274

Abstract

This study evaluated the color constancy of two Iranian banknotes (10,000 and 50,000 tomans) under four illuminants D65, A, TL84, and white LED. The largest color gamut volumes were observed under D65, with 178,757 units for the 10,000-toman note and 118,047 units for the 50,000-toman note, while the smallest volumes occurred under illuminant A (153,529 and 100,741 units, respectively). The average color inconstancy indices (CMCCON02) for the D65-A, D65-TL84, and D65-LED pairs were 2.46, 2.43, and 1.31, respectively. Two-way ANOVA confirmed significant effects of both banknote type and illuminant on color stability. These findings indicate higher color constancy under artificial white light (LED and TL84) than under tungsten light, and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed quantitative protocol for quality control in banknote printing.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Journal of Color Science and Technology
Volume 19, Issue 3 - Serial Number 73
December 2025
Pages 213-227

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