Optimization of Wool Yarn Dyeing for Handwoven Carpets Using Opuntia Fruit Extract: Color Properties and Fastness Evaluation

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Carpet Department, Faculty of Applied Arts, Shiraz University of Art, P.O. Code: 7146696989, Shiraz, Iran.

2 Department of Textile, Apparel and Fashion, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box:163, Qaemshahr, Iran

3 Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box:163, Qaemshahr, Iran

10.30509/jcst.2025.167490.1254

Abstract

This study investigates the potential application of Opuntia fruit extract as a natural dye for wool fibers in hand-woven carpets. Adopting a sustainable and eco-conscious textile dyeing approach, we systematically evaluated critical parameters including dye concentration (30-100 %), mordant concentration (0-10 %), temperature (30-
100 °C), duration (20-100 min), and pH (3-11) on color characteristics and fastness properties. The aqueous extraction method yielded betalain pigments, confirmed through spectroscopic analysis. Results demonstrated the capacity of Opuntia extract to produce a diverse color spectrum, ranging from red to brown. Optimal dyeing conditions were achieved at 80 °C for 90 minutes with pH 5.5±0.5. Metal mordants significantly influenced color fastness: iron mordant delivered superior wash fastness, while copper mordant enhanced light fastness. Statistical analysis (p<0.001) confirmed all process variables significantly affected colorimetric indices - including color strength (K/S), chroma (C*), hue angle (h°) - and fastness properties. Notably, temperature exerted a dominant influence on color purity, whereas mordants primarily governed hue stability and fastness. The optimized dyeing protocol maintained favorable mechanical properties of wool fibers while achieving excellent color characteristics. This research establishes Opuntia as a high-potential natural dye source capable of producing stable, vibrant hues. Its implementation offers an effective strategy for developing sustainable textile dyeing processes with reduced environmental impact.

Keywords

Main Subjects

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