Statistical Analysis and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Lipstick Brands in the Iran Markets

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Organic Colorants, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Color Imaging and Color Image Processing, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Environmental Research, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P. O. Box: 16765-654, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Considering the development of cosmetic products in Iran, the presence of heavy metals directly and indirectly (in the form of an organometallic color), side effects (skin allergies) and the risk of being carcinogenic have caused these colors to be considered and investigated by researchers. The purpose of this study, which was conducted by randomly selecting five Iranian brands in Tehran, is to determine the amount of heavy metals in the mentioned samples. This study was conducted on 20 samples from 4 brands and 5 types of selected products produced in the country. The concentration of heavy metals (lead, nickel, chromium, arsenic, mercury and cadmium) was measured using induced mass (ICP MASS) after performing the steps of acid digestion by plasma spectrometry. Statistical analysis was performed on the measured values, and the results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in 20 samples measured with three repetitions was less than 10 ppm and within the permissible limit. But the pollution level of brands is significantly different. Health risk assessment in exposure to heavy metals in terms of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity was investigated in lipstick samples. The results showed that the risk of skin carcinogenesis through repeated use over time is serious and cannot be ignored.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Barel AO, Paye M, Maibach HI, editors. Handbook of cosmetic science and technology. CRC press; 2014 Apr 9. 
  2. Nnorom I C, Igwe JC, Oji-Nnorom CG. Trace metal contents of facial (make-up) cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2005;4(10): 1133-1138. https://doi.org/10.5897/ AJB2005.000-3224
  3. Mosavi Z, Ziarati P, Shariatdoost A. Determination and safety assessment of lead and cadmium in eye shadows purchased in local market in Tehran. J Environ Anal Toxicol. 2013; 3(6):2161-525.http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525. 1000193.
  4. Kim JE, Jung HD, Kang H. A survey of the awareness, knowledge and behavior of hair dye use in a korean population with gray hair. Ann Dermatol. 2012;24(3):274-9. https://doi.org /i/10.5021/ad.2012.24.3.274. 
  5. Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Yuan JM, Yu MC, Ross RK. Use of permanent hair dyes and bladder-cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 2001;91(4):575-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<:aid-ijc1092>3.0.co;2-s. 
  6. Zviak C, Millequant J. Hair Coloring: Oxidation Coloring In: Bouillon C, Wilkinson J: The Science of Hair Care. Taylor & Francis. 2005;296:327. https://doi.org/10.1201/b14191
  7. Gerhard J. Nohynek, Eric Antignac, Thomas Re, Herve Toutain. Safety assessment of personal care products/ cosmetics and their ingredients. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010;243:239-259.https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.taap. 2009. 12. 001.
  8. Da França SA, Dario MF, Esteves VB, Baby AR, Velasco MVR. Types of hair dye and their mechanisms of action. Cosmetics. 2015; 2(2):110-126. https://doi.org/10. 3390/cosmetics2020110.
  9. Gharanjig K, Etezad SM, Rouhani S, Mahmoodi AR, Mahmiani Y, Mehranfar A. Investigation of Amount of Heavy Metals in Hair Colorants Produced in Iran. J Stud Color World. 2023; 12(4): 315-325. 
  10. Ghosh P, Sinha AK. Hair colors: classification, chemistry and a review of chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for analysis. Analytical letters. 2008 Oct 27;41(13):2291-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032710802352605.
  11. Balsam MS, Sagarin E, editors. Cosmetics science and technology. John Wiley & Sons; 1972.
  12. Hamann D, Yazar K, Hamann CR, Thyssen JP, Lidén C. p‐P henylenediamine and other allergens in hair dye products in the U nited S tates: a consumer exposure study. Contact Dermatitis. 2014 Apr;70(4):213-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ cod.12164.
  13. Basak B, Sinha B. Analysis of one-way ANOVA model using synthetic data. Sankhya B. 2024 Jan 6:1-27. https://doi.org 10.1007/s13571-023-00318-4.
  14. Alqahtani AM, Mojally M, Sayqal A, Ainousah BE, Alqmash A, Alzahrani S, Alqurashi G, Wawi O, Alsharif A. Determination of lead and cadmium concentration in cosmetic products in the Saudi market. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences. 2023; 15:1-0. https://doi.org 10.1007/s43994-023-00088-9.
  15. Feizi R, Jaafarzadeh N, Akbari H, Jorfi S. Evaluation of lead and cadmium concentrations in lipstick and eye pencil cosmetics. Environ. Health Eng. Manag.2019; 10;6(4):277-82. https://doi.org 10.15171/EHEM.2019.31.
  16. Susmiatun S, Kusuma AM, Budiman A, Hapsari I. The physical properties and stability of purple yam (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) lipstick. Pharmaciana. 2018; 24;8(2):290. https://doi.org 10.12928/pharmaciana.v8i2.6834.
  17. Lopez IE, Turrentine JE, Cruz Jr PD. Clues to diagnosis of connubial contact dermatitis to paraphenylenediamine. Dermatitis®. 2014. 25(1):32-3. https://doi.org/10.1097/ DER.0000000000000014. 
  18. Abdul KS, Jayasinghe SS, Chandana EP, Jayasumana C, De Silva PM. Arsenic and human health effects: A review. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology. 2015 Nov 1;40(3):828-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.016.
  19. Scheman A, Cha C, Bhinder M. Alternative hair-dye products for persons allergic to para-phenylenediamine. DERM. 2011 Aug 1;22(4):189-92. http://doi.org/10.2310/6620.2011.00010.
  20. Saidalavi R, Hashim A, Kishor KB, Leena PK, Adake P. Analysis of lead and arsenic in cosmetics and assessment of students awareness about cosmetic toxicity. Int. J. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. 2017 Jun;6:1426-30. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10. 18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20170001.
  21. Gupta M, Mahajan VK, Mehta KS, Chauhan PS. Hair dye dermatitis and p-phenylenediamine contact sensitivity: a preliminary report. Indian dermatology online journal. 2015 Jul;6(4):241. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.160253.
  22. Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology: volume 3: environmental toxicology. 2012:133-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6.
  23. Dacera DD, Babel S. Removal of heavy metals from contaminated sewage sludge using Aspergillus niger fermented raw liquid from pineapple wastes. Bioresource technology. 2008 Apr 1;99(6):1682-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.biortech.2007.04.002.
  24. Burger P, Landreau A, Azoulay S, Michel T, Fernandez X. Skin whitening cosmetics: Feedback and challenges in the development of natural skin lighteners. Cosmetics. 2016 Oct 28;3(4):36. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics3040036.
  25. Salama AK. Assessment of metals in cosmetics commonly used in Saudi Arabia. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2016 Oct;188:1-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10661-016-5550-6.
  26. Pigatto P, Martelli A, Marsili C, Fiocchi A. Contact dermatitis in children. Italian journal of pediatrics. 2010 Dec;36(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1824-7288-36-2
  27. Al-Saleh I, Al-Enazi S. Trace metals in lipsticks. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2011 Jul 1;93(6):1149-65.https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248. 2011. 582040.
  28. Forte G, Petrucci F, Bocca B. Metal allergens of growing significance: epidemiology, immunotoxicology, strategies for testing and prevention. Inflammation & Allergy-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Inflammation & Allergy)(Discontinued). 2008 Sep 1;7(3):145-62. https://doi. org/ 10.2174/187152808785748146.
  29. Beck MH, Wilkinson SM. Contact dermatitis: allergic. Rook's Textbook of Dermatology. 2004 Jan 1:817-940.
  30. Schmidt JD, Johansen JD, Nielsen MM, Zimersson E, Svedman C, Bruze M, Engkilde K, Poulsen SS, Geisler C, Bonefeld CM. Immune responses to hair dyes containing toluene‐2, 5‐diamine. British Journal of Dermatology. 2014 Feb 1;170(2):352-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12676.
  31. Pistollato F, Madia F, Corvi R, Munn S, Grignard E, Paini A, Worth A, Bal-Price A, Prieto P, Casati S, Berggren E. Current EU regulatory requirements for the assessment of chemicals and cosmetic products: challenges and opportunities for introducing new approach methodologies. Archives of toxicology. 2021 Jun;95:1867-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00204-021-03034-y.
  32. Corby-Edwards AK. FDA regulation of cosmetics and personal care products. Cosmetics and FDA Regulation. 2013. Available from  https://ark:/67531/metadc817838/urls.txt
  33. Akhtar A, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Khan M. Human exposure to toxic elements through facial cosmetic products: Dermal risk assessment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2022 Jun 1;131:105145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph. 2022. 105145
  34. Theresa OC, Onebunne OC, Dorcas WA, Ajani OI. Potentially toxic metals exposure from body creams sold in Lagos, Nigeria. Researcher. 2011;3(1):30-7. https://doi.org/ 10.4236/jcdsa.2017.74030.
  35. Al-Saleh I, Al-Enazi S, Shinwari N. Assessment of lead in cosmetic products. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology. 2009 Jul 1;54(2):105-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph. 2009.02.005.
  36. Mansouri B, Maleki A, Mahmoudi M, Davari B, Shahsavari S. Risk assessment of heavy metals in lipstick and hair dye cosmetics products in Sanandaj. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2017;22(3). https://doi.org/ 10.22102/22.3.31.
  37. Jomova K, Jenisova Z, Feszterova M, Baros S, Liska J, Hudecova D, Rhodes CJ, Valko M. Arsenic: toxicity, oxidative stress and human disease. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2011 Mar;31(2):95-107. https://doi.org/10. 1002/jat.1649.
  38. Sharafi K, Fatahi N, Yarmohammadi H, Moradi M, Dargahi A. Determination of cadmium and Lead concentrations in cosmetics (lipstick and hair color) in Kermanshah markets. Journal of Health. 2017 May 10;8(2):143-50. https://doi. org/10.1002/jat.1649.
  39. Mesko MF, Novo DL, Costa VC, Henn AS, Flores EM. Toxic and potentially toxic elements determination in cosmetics used for make-up: A critical review. Analytica chimica acta. 2020 Feb 15;1098:1-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca. 2019.11.046.
  40. Kilic S, Kilic M, Soylak M. The determination of toxic metals in some traditional cosmetic products and health risk assessment. Biological trace element research. 2021 Jun;199(6):2272-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02357 -8.
  41. Kaličanin B, Velimirović D. A study of the possible harmful effects of cosmetic beauty products on human health. Biological trace element research. 2016 Apr;170:476-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-015-0477-2.
  42. Saadatzadeh A, Afzalan S, Zadehdabagh R, Tishezan L, Najafi N, Seyedtabib M, Noori SM. Determination of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury) in authorized and unauthorized cosmetics. Cutaneous and ocular toxicology. 2019 Jul 3;38(3):207-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527. 2019.1590389.
  43. Malakootian M, Pourshaaban Mazandarany M, Eskandari M, Pourmahyabady R. Determination of lead concentration in solid and liquid lipsticks available in Iran-Kerman. Hormozgan Medical Journal. 2012 Aug 15;16(3):241-6.Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/60552/en.
  44. Mansouri B, Maleki A, Mahmoudi M, Davari B, Shahsavari S. Risk assessment of heavy metals in lipstick and hair dye cosmetics products in Sanandaj. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2017;22(3). https://doi.org/10.22102/22.3.31.
  45. Nourmoradi H, Foroghi M, Farhadkhani M, Vahid Dastjerdi M. Assessment of lead and cadmium levels in frequently used cosmetic products in Iran. Journal of environmental and public health. 2013 Jan 1;2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2013/962727.
  46. Nohynek GJ, Fautz R, Benech-Kieffer F, Toutain H. Toxicity and human health risk of hair dyes. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2004 Apr 1;42(4):517-43. https://doi.org/10. 1016/ j.fct.2003.11.003.
  47. Chisvert A, Salvador A, editors. Analysis of cosmetic products. Elsevier; 2007.
  48. Rafii F, Hall JD, Cerniglia CE. Mutagenicity of azo dyes used in foods, drugs and cosmetics before and after reduction by Clostridium species from the human intestinal tract. Food and chemical Toxicology. 1997 Sep 1;35(9):897-901. https://doi. org/ 10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00060-4.