Identification of red, blue and golden pigments in Qajar Mural Painting anaclitic fire place in Goharion House in Tabriz

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Faculty of cultural materials conservation, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Applied Arts, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.

3 Faculty of cultural materials conservation, Tabriz Islamic Art University

Abstract

The aim of this this study is to identify the pigments of mural painting remains on a historical fireplace related to the Qajar era in Goharion house, Tabriz. After sampling the blue, red and golden pigments of different parts of the mural, SEM-EDS to identifying the elements in the samples structure, micro Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, for investigation of structural properties, and PLM, for investigation of the optical properties of the samples in both PPL and XPL, were used. The results showed that a mixture of red lead, orpiment and white lead was used to paint flowers with red tones. There are also spots of red lead on the edge of the mural. The blue pigment was ultramarine (synthetic) and a combination of this pigment and gypsum was used in sky blue. The golden color analysis showed the use of gold and copper alloy in the form of sheets. This color is in the inscription part along with the formation of copper degradation products, in the form of carboxylate

Keywords

References

  1. E. Silva, L. P. Silva, H. G. Edwards, L. F. de Oliveira, Diffuse reflection FTIR spectral database of dyes and pigments. Anal Bioanal Chem. 386 (2006), 2183-2191.
  2. Klockenkämper, A. Von Bohlen, L. Moens, Analysis of pigments and inks on oil paintings and historical manuscripts using total reflection x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. X-Ray Spectrometry. 29(2000), 119-129.
  3. G. Josa, S. R. Bertolino, A. Laguens, J. A. Riveros, G. Castellano, X-ray and scanning electron microscopy archaeometric studies of pigments from the Aguada culture, Argentina. Microchem. J. 96(2010), 259-268.
  4. L. Franquelo, A. Duran, L. K. Herrera, M. C. Jimenez de Haro, J. L. Perez-Rodriguez, Comparison between micro-Raman and micro-FTIR spectroscopy techniques for the characterization of pigments from southern spain cultural heritage. J. Mol. Struct. 924-926(2009), 404-412.
  5. Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, N. Kallithrakas-Kontos, Pigment and terracotta analyses of Hellenistic figurines in Crete. Anal. Chim. Acta. 497(2003), 209-225.
  6. Nevin, I. Osticoli, D. Comelli, A. Gallone Galassi, G. Valentini, R. Cubeddu, Advances In the analysis of red lake pigments from 15th and 16th C. Paintings using fluorescence and raman spectroscopy’. Proc. the 10th International Conference on the non-destructive investigations and microanalysis for the diagnostics and conservation of cultural and environmental heritage, Art’11, Florence, Italy 2010 pp. Pages
  7. D. ChaplinR. J. H. Clark, M. Martinón-Torres, A combined Raman microscopy, XRF and SEM–EDX study of three valuable objects-A large painted leather screen and two illuminated title pages in 17th century books of ordinances of the Worshipful Company of Barbers, London. J. Mol. Struct. 976(2010), 350-359.
  8. G. M. Edwards, S. E. J. Villar, A. R. David, D. L. A. de Faria, Nondestructive analysis of ancient Egyptian funerary relics by Raman spectroscopic techniques. Anal. Chim. Acta. 503(2004), 223-233.
  9. Haswell, L. Carlyle, K. T. J. Mensch, Van Gogh’s Painting Grounds: Quantitative determination of bulking agents (Extenders) using SEM/EDX. Microchim. Acta. 155(2006), 163-167.
  10. Agha-Aligol, F. Khosravi, M. Lamehi-Rachti, A. Baghizadeh, P. Oliaiy, F. Shokouhi, Analysis of 18th-19th century’s historical samples of Iranian ink and paper belonging to the Qajar dynasty, Appl. Phys. A. 89(2007), 799.
  11. J. H. Clark, S. Mirabaud, Identification of the pigments on a sixteenth century Persian book of poetry by Raman microscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 37(2006), 235-239.
  12. Hayez, S. Denoël, Z. Genadry, B. Gilbert, Identification of pigments on a 16th century Persian manuscript by micro-Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 35(2004), 781-785.
  13. B. Kasiri, Identification of lazurite pigment in persian miniatures by pixe and AF.M methods. J. Color Sci. Tech. 9(2015), 251-258.
  14. Grabowski, W. Masarczyk, P. Głomb, A. Mendys, Automatic pigment identification from hyperspectral data. J. Cult. Heritage. 31(2018), 1-12.
  15. Cosentino, Identification of pigments by multispectral imaging; a flowchart method. Heritage Sci. 2(2014), 8.
  16. Van Loon, P. Noble, A. Krekeler, G. Van der Snickt, K. Janssens, Y. Abe, I, Nakai, J. Dik, Artificial orpiment, a new pigment in Rembrandt’s palette. Heritage Sci. 5(2017), 26.
  17. Hradil, T. Grygar, J. Hradilová, P. Bezdička, V. Grűnwaldová, I. Fogaš, C. Miliani, Microanalytical identification of Pb-Sb-Sn yellow pigment in historical European paintings and its differentiation from lead tin and Naples yellows. J. Cult. Heritage. 8(2007), 377-386.
  18. ا. کریمی. کوشش برای ترسیم سیر تحول ساخت رنگدانه‌های نقاشی در ایران و تاریخچه مطالعات این عرصه. تاریخ علم. (1396)15، 249-233.
  19. س. علیزاده. بررسی و فن‌شناسی تحول هنر نقاشی در دورۀ اول قاجاری. فصلنامه نگره، (1391)22، 84-73 .
  20. R. Koochakzaei, A. Nemati Babaylou, L. Daneshpoor. Identification of pigments used in decoration of paper inscription related to Ansarin house of Tabriz. J. Color Sci. Tech. 9(2016), 297-306.
  21. Holakooei, A. H. Karimy, Micro-Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry on the characterization of the Persian pigments used in the pre-seventeenth century wall paintings of Masjid-i Jāme of Abarqū, central Iran. Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 134(2015), 419-427.
  22. Holakooei, A. H. Karimy, C. Vaccaro, A multi-analytical approach to the examination of nineteenth-century European wallpapers in Vasiq-Ansari House in Isfahan, Iran. Stud. Conserv. 59(2014), 150-160.
  23. Holakooei, A. H. Karimy, G. Nafisi, Lammerite as a Degradation product of emerald green: scientific studies on a rural persian wall painting. Stud. Conserv. 63(2018), 391-402.
  24. H. Karimi, A. Abed Esfahani, M. Shirdavani. Study on efficiency of wet chemical tests in identification of common binding mediums of Persian painting. J. Stud. Color World. 2(2013), 3-14.
  25. Haghighi, A. Karimy, R. Vatankhah. Characterization of organic binding medium in historical wall paintings of sukias house in isfahan by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. J. Color Sci. Tech. 9(2015), 75-82.
  26. H. Karimy , Gh. Vatankhah. Characterization of Paint Binder in Historical Persian Paintings by ATR-FTIR. J. Color Sci. Tech. 8(2014), 27-36.
  27. Knipe, K. Eremin, M. Walton, A. Babini, G. Rayner, Materials and techniques of Islamic manuscripts. Heritage Sci. 6(2018), 55.
  28. M. Mousavi, H. Ahmadi, A. Abed-Esfahani, M. Mortazavi, M. Aceto, Identification and Analytical Examination of Copper Alloy Pigments Applied as Golden Illuminations on Three Persian Manuscripts. Restaurator. Int. J. Preserv. Lib. Archival Mater. 36(2015), 81-100.
  29. Burgio, R. J. H. Clark, Library of FT-Raman spectra of pigments, minerals, pigment media and varnishes, and supplement to existing library of Raman spectra of pigments with visible excitation. Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 57(2001), 1491-1521.
  30. Marucci, A. Beeby, A. W. Parker, C. E. Nicholson, Raman spectroscopic library of medieval pigments collected with five different wavelengths for investigation of illuminated manuscripts. Anal. Methods, 10(2018), 1219-1236.
  31. Giakoumaki, I. Osticioli, D. Anglos, Spectroscopic analysis using a hybrid LIBS-Raman system. Appl. Phys. A. 83(2006), 537-541.
  32. Stanzani, D. Bersani, P. P. Lottici, P. Colomban, Analysis of artist’s palette on a 16th century wood panel painting by portable and laboratory Raman instruments. Vib. Spectrosc. 85(2016), 62-70.
  33. C. Caggiani, A. Cosentino, A. Mangone, Pigments Checker version 3.0, a handy set for conservation scientists: A free online Raman spectra database. Microchem. J. 129(2016), 123-132.
  34. Eastaugh, V. Walsh, T. Chaplin, Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments. (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008).
  35. Rampazzi, C. Corti, Are commercial pigments reliable references for the analysis of paintings?. Int. J. Conserv. Sci. 10(2019), 207-220.
  36. de Viguerie, P. A. Payard, E. Portero, P. Walter, M. Cotte, The drying of linseed oil investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: Historical recipes and influence of lead compounds. Prog. Org. Coat. 93(2016), 46-60.
  37. J. Henderson, K. Helwig, S. Read, S. M. Rosendahl, Infrared chemical mapping of degradation products in cross-sections from paintings and painted objects. Heritage Sci. 7(2019), 71.
  38. Van der Weerd, A. Van Loon, J. J. Boon, FTIR Studies of the Effects of Pigments on the Aging of Oil. Stud. Conserv. 50(2005), 3-22.
  39. Fausto, M. F. R. Moita, M. L. T. S. Duarte, An FT-IR spectroscopic study of the crystalline and columnar liquid-crystalline phases of copper (II) carboxylates. J. Mol. Struct. 349(1995), 439-442.
  40. Gunn, G. Chottard, E. Rivière, J. J. Girerd, J. C. Chottard, Chemical Reactions Between Copper Pigments and Oleoresinous Media. Stud. Conserv. 47(2002), 12-23.
  41. Purinton, M. Waiters, A study of the materials used by medieval persian painters. J. Am. Inst. Conserv. 30(1991), 125-144.
  42. Holakooei, A. H. Karimy, F. Saeidi-Anaraki, C. Vaccaro, F. Sabatini, I. Degano, M. P. Colombini, Colourants on the wall paintings of a mediӕval fortress at the mount Sofeh in Isfahan, central Iran. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 29(2020), 102065.
  43. V. S. F. Muralha, L. Burgio, R. J. H. Clark, Raman spectroscopy analysis of pigments on 16–17th c. Persian manuscripts. Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 92(2012), 21-28.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics